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婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛濡囬埞宥夋煃閳轰礁鏆曠紒鎲嬫嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涘Λ妯好归悡搴f憼妞わ讣鎷� | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柨鐕傛嫹 | 缂傚倷绶¢崰妤呭磿閹惰棄绠圭憸鏂款嚕椤掑嫬鐐婇柍鍝勫暙婵烇拷 | 闂備礁鎲$敮妤呭垂瀹曞洩濮抽柕濞垮劗閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 婵犳鍠楄摫闁搞劌纾懞閬嶅Ω閵夈垺鐏冮梺鍝勬川閸嬬喐瀵奸敓锟� | 缂傚倸鍊风粈浣烘崲閹寸姷鐭堥柣鐔稿閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 闂佽崵鍋炵粙鎴﹀嫉椤掑嫬妫橀柛灞惧焹閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佷户濞寸》鎷� | 闂佽崵濮村ú銈壦囬幎绛嬫晩闁圭偓鏋奸弸鏍煛閸モ晛浠уù纭锋嫹 | 闂備礁鎲¢懝楣冩偋閸曨垰鐒垫い鎴f娴滈箖姊洪棃娑欘棏闁稿鎹囬弻娑橆潩閻愵剙顏� | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柕澹啫鐏婃俊銈忕到閸熺娀宕戦幘缁樻櫢闁跨噦鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涘Λ姗€鏌涢妷顖滅暠濠殿噯鎷� | 闂備礁鎲¢懝楣冩偋閸℃稑绠栭柟鍓х帛閸ゆ垿鏌涢幇銊︽珕闁瑰嚖鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛/鍕濠殿喗绻傞惉鐓幬i敓锟� | 闂備礁鎲¢悷锕傛偤閺囥垹鐒垫い鎺嗗亾闁哥喐鎸抽妴鍌炴嚍閵夛箑鍔呴梺璺ㄥ櫐閹凤拷 | 
婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅涢悙濠囨煕濞嗗秴鍔氬┑顕嗘嫹 | 闂佽崵濮村ú銈壦囬幎绛嬫晩闁规崘顕х粻浼存煕閵夋垵鍟伴、锟� | 闂佹眹鍩勯崹浼村箺濠婂牆鏋侀柕鍫濇噳閺嬫牠鏌¢崶锝嗩潑婵炵》鎷� | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛/鈧崑鎾诲捶椤撶偘绮舵繝娈垮櫙閹凤拷 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅滈悡鍌氣攽閻樿精鍏岄柣銈忔嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵洪弽顐n偨闁靛鏅滈埛鎺撱亜閺傚灝鈷旈柟鏂ゆ嫹 | 婵犵數鍋涢ˇ鏉棵哄┑瀣剁稏濠㈣泛鏈崰鍡涙煥濠靛棛澧遍柛銈忔嫹 | 闂佽崵鍠嶅鎺旂矆娓氣偓瀹曡绂掔€n亝顥濋梺鎼炲劵缁犳垶鎱ㄩ敓锟� | 闂佽姘﹂鏍ㄧ濠靛牊鍏滈柛鎾茶兌鐏忕敻鏌ㄩ悤鍌涘 | 婵犳鍠楄摫闁搞劎鏁诲鏌ュ閻橆偅鐏冮梺鍝勬川婵箖锝為敓锟� | 闂佽崵鍋炵粙鎴﹀嫉椤掑嫬妫橀柛灞惧焹閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佇い顐嫹 | 缂傚倸鍊风粈浣烘崲閹寸姷鐭堥柣鐔稿閺嬫牠鏌¢崶鈺佇い顐嫹 | 闂備礁鎲$敮妤呭垂閸撲焦鍏滈柛鎾茶兌鐏忕敻鏌ㄩ悤鍌涘 | 缂傚倷璁查崑鎾绘煕濞嗗秴鍔ょ紒鎰殕缁绘稒寰勭€n偆顦柣鐐寸啲閹凤拷 | 婵犵鍓濋〃鍛存偋閸涱垱顐介柕澹嫭鍎遍柣搴秵娴滄粓鍩i敓锟� | 闂備線娼уΛ宀勫磻閹剧粯鐓忛柛鈥崇箰娴滈箖姊洪棃娑欘棏闁稿鎹囬弻鏇㈠幢韫囨挷澹�
A Brief Introduction of Chinese Civil Law

 
 b. non-important items:
 Lack of the following items, a contract may be validly concluded but need further specification.
 iv. Quality;
 v. Price;
 vi. The place of performance;
 vii. The time of performance;
 viii. The method of performance;
 ix. Allocation of the expense of performance;
 x. Liability of breach of a contract;
 xi. Method of dispute resolution.
 Therefore, when reviewing a draft of contract, the breakthrough for a lawyer is to look at the 11 points to examine in general if there are already the related terms and if these terms are sufficient specific and certain according to actual intention of contract parties. If unfortunately an incomplete contract has been concluded and valid, the next step is to ask for a supplement agreement with the other parties. If it does not work, then try to specify the uncertain terms according to the relevant provisions of contract interpretation in contract law or common usage. (Art. 62 CL)
 (Art. 62 CL)Where a relevant term of the contract was not clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, one of the following provisions applies:
  If quality requirement was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the state standard or industry standard; absent any state or industry standard, performance shall be in accordance with the customary standard or any particular standard consistent with the purpose of the contract;
  If price or remuneration was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be in accordance with the prevailing market price at the place of performance at the time the contract wasconcluded, and if adoption of a price mandated by the government or based on government issued pricing guidelines is required by law, such requirement applies;
  Where the place of performance was not clearly prescribed, if the obligation is payment of money, performance shall be at the place where the payee is located; if the obligation is delivery of immovable property, performance shall be at the place where the immovable property is located; for any other subject matter, performance shall be at the place where the obligor is located;
  If the time of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor may perform, and the obligee may require performance, at any time, provided that the other party shall be given the time required for preparation;
  If the method of performance was not clearly prescribed, performance shall be rendered in a manner which is conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract;
  If the party responsible for the expenses of performance was not clearly prescribed, the obligor shall bear the expenses.
 B. Offer
 Like all other legal systems Chinese Contract Law requires an offer and an acceptance for a contract validly to be concluded.
 a. Definition
 An offer is a party’s expression of his intention to enter into a contract with the other party. (Art. 14 Contract Law) An offer shall include all the elements of a valid contract except for the acceptance of the other party, i.e., if the other party want to conclude the contract, what he does is to declare acceptance after receiving the offer.
 Therefore, another concept, invitation to offer (Art. 15 Contract Law), shall differentiate from offer. An invitation to offer is an intention to invite the other party to make an offer.
 b. Legal Conditions (Art. 14 Contract Law)
  Its terms are specific and definite.
 It means an offer shall include fundamental elements of a contract. There is no common recognition about prerequisite items of a contract in general. According to Chapter Nine: Sales Contracts within Contract Law, a sales offer shall contain subject matter, quantity.
 Case 2
 Company A sends an offer to Company B that I need steel of Type X, and if you have reserves, please reply ASAP and I will buy. IS IT AN OFFER? Answer: no, because no terms about quantity.
 
  It indicates that upon acceptance by the offeree, the offeror will be bound thereby.
 Case 3
 Company A sent Company B a fax with the content that I have 100 ton steel of Type 100, the price of which is 100,000 RMB. If you want to buy, just reply. In this case, it is not an offer but an invitation to offer because Company A does not mention he will be bounded by the fax, i.e., when B accepts, he will definitely sell his product to B.
 Other specific types of invitation to offer include catalogues (price list), announcement of auction, call for tender and commercial advertisement. (Art. 15 CL)
 c. Validity of an offer (Art. 16 CL)
 An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. Note shall be taken of ‘reach’. In case of mail, an offer is effective at the time you send the mail, not when the offeree receives the mail. (Art. 24 CL) It is very important to decide whether the offeree make a valid acceptance within time limit.
 Case 4
 A sends B an offer by mail on 1 May, 2006 that … please reply within 10 days. B receives this offer on 8 May, 2006. (1) When the offer becomes effective? Answer is 1 May, 2006. (2)What is the final date for B to make an acceptance? Answer is 11 May, 2006.


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